Building and Sustaining School culture Research Paper - 1

Building and Sustaining School culture - Research Paper Example Furthermore, it likewise talks about the inborn notions held by staff individuals cognizant to the traditions of schools. Making consciousness of culture inside school settings can trigger researchers and mentors to take on assignments that advance development. A school is an association that has its own standards, qualities and standards. Culture is certainly not a recognizable part of a school setting. A school culture encases educators building up their mentalities and affecting their decisions and deeds. Culture controls all features of a school, just as such perspectives as teacher’s dressing, what the instructors talk about during their breaks, how the educators beautify their study halls and the teacher’s weight on unmistakable aspects of the program of study. This examination paper will concentrate on the elements that can help in building and supporting school culture inside school settings and establishments and the key players. Sarason (1996) alludes culture inside a school setting as the allowance of faith based expectations and qualities reasonable among the school heads in controlling the school, and deciphered by the understudies into legitimate directs and defensively covered through establishment of order. School societies are framed and changed after some time. Obviously, there is an expansive correspondence among creators and researchers on how school societies responds to and recreates network qualities held by the understudies. Therefore, school culture can be communicated as the air we relax. It is not really observable. Additionally, it likewise embodies the qualities and estimations of its pioneers (Sarason, 1996). School culture is a unique perspective that is ceaselessly â€Å"being developed and molded through dealings with other and replications on life and the world in general† (Sarason, 1996, p 27). Culture in school develops as â€Å"teachers partner with one another, understudies and the community† (Barth, 1990, p. 123).Sarason (1996) contends that it â€Å"becomes the guide for conduct shared among individuals from the school at large†

The theme of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace Essay Example For Students

The subject of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace Essay The subject of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace appears to recommended by the line, What might occurred if Mathilde had not lost the accessory? During the Guy de Maupassants short story The Necklace, the primary character, Mathilde Loisel, makes various unexpected disclosures. The amusing components were the consequences of her desires and wants were difference to her world and capacity. All through the story Guy de Maupassant shading the incongruity by verbal, situational, demeanor, and emotional incongruity. Incongruity is a key component in our lives. It is likewise significant in short stories. Incongruity is when something happens that is totally different based on what is normal. The Necklace of Guy de Maupassant centers around the incongruity of appearances and reality. Toward the start of the story, Madame Loisel who was one of those pretty and enchanting young ladies who are some of the time, as though by a misstep of fate, conceived in a group of representatives. She has no settlement, no desires, no methods for being known, comprehended, cherished married by any rich and recognized man; and she let herself be hitched to a little representative at the Ministry of Public Instruction. In the contrary site, in the gathering held in the Palace of the Ministry, she was the most lovely lady. All the men respected her. We will compose a custom paper on The subject of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now And afterward, for which is called Heroism, she chosen to be an entirely unexpected lady. Be that as it may, her desires for being wonderful and having a place with high-class become the most noticeably awful thing. Or on the other hand it tends to be said that it was the result of her claimed desire, which were her magnificence, her appeal and her pride. Madame Loisel looked old at this point. She had become the lady of devastated families solid and hard and harsh. With frowsy hair, skirts aslant, and red hands, she talked uproarious while washing the floor with extraordinary washed of water. Be that as it may, now and again, when her significant other was at office, she plunked down close to the window, and she thought of that gay night of some time in the past, of the ball where she had been so excellent and so feted. Her longing to carry on with an existence of extravagance expends her and forestalls her from discovering fulfillment with any part of her life. What might have occurred in the event that she had no lost that jewelry? Who know? How life is unusual furthermore, changeful! How seemingly insignificant detail is requirement for us to be lost or to be spared. It is so difficult to reply, yet without a doubt that is so excruciating to understanding, to make a solid effort, to change ones self to another totally unique individual. Hence, following ten years, it is so unexpected since Madame Loisel understands that the jewelry is a glue one. It could have been extraordinary. It could have been exceptional on the off chance that she had not been acquired. Furthermore, she could have been a Madame. She and her better half were profoundly paying off debtors. For a long time they worked throughout each and every day until at long last the obligation was paid off. She put the new jewelry in a crate and offered it to her companion. Her companion never glanced in the container, so she didn't have the foggiest idea about the jewelry was not a similar she let Loisel is obtain. That is the incongruity of the story. It is progressively emotional incongruity when Madame Loisel accepts on getting respected appearance of her by society at the ball one night. To some specific surviving, it speaks to the general public at that time. It is the general public wherein individuals flourish for the extravagances, where the estimation of an individual was controlled by her/his appearance instead of his/her capacity. As de Maupassant clarifies, Mr. Loisel had eighteen thousand franks which his dad had left him. .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .postImageUrl , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:hover , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:visited , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:active { border:0!important; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:active , .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u fde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ufde80deeb0bb03804 82f7a50ff560ffe .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ufde80deeb0bb0380482f7a50ff560ffe:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Compare and complexity two apparition stories Essay He obtained the rest. He obtained it, requesting a thousand francs of one, 500 of another, five brutes of this one, and three louis of that one. He gave notes, made ruinous guarantees, took cash of usurers and the entire race of moneylenders. He traded off his entire presence, truth be told, taken a chance with his signature without knowing whether he could make it great or not, furthermore, annoyed by tension for the future, by the dark hopelessness which encircled him, and by the possibility of every single physical privation and moral torment, he went to get the new accessory, storing on the traders counter thirty-6,000 francs. At the point when Mr. what's more, Mrs. Loisel leave the gems store, the diamond setter says, You will have a lifetime to appreciate these precious stones. This .

How to Write a College Essay About Yourself TKG

How to Write a College Essay About Yourself The Common Application essayâ€"â€"often referred to as your personal statement, or just “your college essay”â€"â€"is an integral piece of your total application. The role of the essay is to help admissions’ officers get an idea of how you think. Once they know that, they can craft a well-rounded group of kids. That means your job in your essay is to show how you think and what kind of person you are. Colleges can already see your grades and your test scores. They can read the things your teachers say about you. They can look at a list of extracurriculars you’ve been involved in from the beginning of Time. But the bottom line is that as much as those things paint a picture, the basic point of your college essay is to answer, in your voice, the broadest question of all: “Who Am I?”There is literally only one requirement of this essay, which is that it must be between 250 and 650 words. That’s it. Between 250 and 650 words, you can write on whatever topic in the universe y ou want, as long as it attempts to answer that fundamental question. (Note that there are seven total prompts. For tips on how to go about choosing/answering each prompt, check out our individualized posts here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.)But seriouslyâ€"â€"who am I???We get it. This is an unfair questionâ€"â€"no matter who you are or how old. You might feel like you’ve had tons of transformational events in your life, so it feels impossible to choose just one to write about. Or maybe you feel like there isn’t anything that sticks out that strongly at all. Ultimately, though, what you need to know is that you don’t have to get everything down about yourself. Your best bet is to choose an idea that you want colleges to know about yourself that they cannot know or assume from the rest of your application.  Sometimes our automatic response here is to jump to hardshipâ€"â€"to show how difficult something in your life has been and how you’ve been affected by that or moved through it. That can definitely make for a powerful essay, but you don’t need to bare your soul to get into college. You also definitely don’t need to write about your trauma here if that is not what you want to do. (And remember, if there is crucial information about a hardship that you do feel the need to share, there is always room in the Additional Information section.)What to write about, then?To start, we suggest honing in on a specific characteristic. Who am I? Well, I’m silly. I’m intense. I’m a reader. I’m a good friend. I like taking care of others. Whatever you are, there’s a good chance you already know these things about yourself. If you can’t think of descriptive words, then try reaching out to your support networksâ€"â€"your friends, family, bosses, teachers, mentors, etc. Ask these people to describe you in five words. As you start to collect these characteristics, notice the patterns.  Once you’ve landed on a personal quality that you think f eels right or that you want to examine further, start thinking about stories you can remember that exemplify that quality. We know it’s a Common App “essay,” a personal “statement,” but whatever it is, it has to be a storyâ€"â€"one with a beginning, middle, and end. The story doesn’t need to seem BIG at first glance. Try thinking about your routines, or your ideal days. What do you do when the things you have to do are all done, when you’re alone in your room and rehearsal is over and you’ve eaten dinner and taken out the trash?  We know a student named Reba whose friends always told her she was adventurous. She couldn’t think of many stories that exemplified that because she hadn’t gone on any “big” trips and didn’t like the outdoors or anything. After talking with her dad, Reba was reminded of a tradition they had together where they visited a different neighborhood in New York City every Sunday afternoon for a year. When her dad eventually moved, Reba ca rried on the tradition for the two of them by herself. She took notes and photos in every place and made them into a digital scrapbook for him.  That’s just one example. You have plenty to write about too. And if you’re having a hard time thinking of stories, try reaching right back out to those people who you asked for help describing you in the first place.  So what next?  Go try this out. Write it all down. Then edit it, edit it, edit it. Edit it. Leave for a while, pick it back up, edit it again. In the process, don’t feel afraid to change everything around or to scrap something that feels wrong or is boxing you in. At the end of the day, you can do this better than anyone else can.  Getting stuck and need help brainstorming your essay one-on-one? Shoot us a line here.

Understanding Japanese Writing in Spirited Away

Hayao Miyazakis critically acclaimed movie Spirited Away (Ã¥ Æ'㠁 ¨Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ °â€¹Ã£  ®Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã©Å¡  Ã£ â€") won the Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film at the 75th Annual Academy Awards ceremony. It tells the story of 10-year-old Chihiro, who is accidentally thrown into another dimension, a spirit world. While working at a bathhouse catering to spirits and gods, she tries to rescue her parents from a spell that transformed them into pigs. It is the highest grossing film in Japanese box-office history, surpassing Titanic. When it was shown on TV in January 2013, it had the highest audience rating ever for a movie. 46.2% of households in Japan tuned in. Reading subtitles would distract viewers from the amazing visuals, and the English dubbed version features a voice cast and translators who did their jobs with sensitivity. Although the overall atmosphere of the film endures, Spirited Away is deeply rooted in Japanese culture, so something gets lost in translation for viewers who miss out on the sounds of Japanese in the original Japanese dialogue. Understanding the Japanese language a little better can help you better appreciate certain aspects of the film. Understanding the Japanese Title The Japanese title is Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi. Sen (Ã¥ Æ') and Chihiro (Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ °â€¹) are the names. To (㠁 ¨) is a particle which connects nouns. It translates into and. Kami (ç ¥Å¾) means god or spirit, and kakushi (éš  Ã£ â€") is the noun form of the verb kakusu (to hide). Kamikakushi (ç ¥Å¾Ã©Å¡  Ã£ â€") means hidden by spirits, hence the English wordplay of Spirited Away. How Does Chihiro Become Sen? When Chihiro is forced into slave labor at the bathhouse which Yubaba rules, she writes down her name, Ogino Chihiro (è  »Ã©â€¡Å½Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ °â€¹) in the contract. (In Japanese the family name comes first.) Yubaba steals three characters from her name. The one character left (the third one) becomes her new name. The reading of this kanji character is sen (Ã¥ Æ') as well as chi. Translating Significant Japanese Characters The character written on the curtain at the front gate of the bathhouse is the hiragana yu. It means bath. The kanji character for yu is also seen on the chimney of the bathhouse. The bathhouse is called Aburaya (æ ² ¹Ã¥ ±â€¹). (Abura means oil, and ya is the suffix used for a store.) The kanji sign Aburaya is seen above the gate of the bathhouse. The flag on the bathhouse also has the kanji character for abura (æ ² ¹). The Theme Song, Itsumo Nandodemo Here are the lyrics of the theme song â€Å"Itsumo Nandodemo (㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¤ ½â€¢Ã¥ º ¦Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€š) for the movie. â€Å"Itsumo† means â€Å"always,† amd â€Å"nandodemo† means â€Å"any numbers of times.† å‘ ¼Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹ èÆ' ¸Ã£  ®Ã£  ©Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€¹Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã£  §yondeiru mune no dokoka oku de 㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¿Æ'è º Ã£â€šâ€¹ Ã¥ ¤ ¢Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€žitsumo kokoro odoru yume o mitai 㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  ¯ æ• °Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€˜Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ©kanashimi wa kazoekirenai keredo 㠁 Ã£  ®Ã¥ â€˜Ã£ â€œÃ£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£  Ã£  £Ã£  ¨ 㠁‚㠁 ªÃ£ Å¸Ã£  «Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹sono mukou de kitto anata ni aeru ç ¹ °Ã£â€šÅ Ã¨ ¿â€Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šâ€žÃ£  ¾Ã£  ¡Ã£  ® 㠁 Ã£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ³ 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¯kurikaesu ayamachi no sonotabi hito wa 㠁Ÿã   Ã© â€™Ã£ â€žÃ§ © ºÃ£  ® é â€™Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã£â€šâ€¹tada aoi sora no aosa o shiru æžÅ"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€"㠁 ªÃ£   é â€œÃ£  ¯Ã§ ¶Å¡Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€˜Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ©hateshinaku michi wa tsuzuite mieru kedo 㠁“㠁 ®Ã¤ ¸ ¡Ã¦â€°â€¹Ã£  ¯ 光をæŠ ±Ã£ â€˜Ã£â€šâ€¹kono ryoute wa hikari o dakeru 㠁•ã‚ˆã  ªÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  ®Ã£  ¨Ã£  Ã£  ® é â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ¨Æ' ¸sayonara no toki no shizukana mune ã‚ ¼Ã£Æ' ­Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£   Ã£ Å' è€ ³Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€¹zero ni naru karada ga mimi o sumaseru 生㠁 Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨ ­ ° æ ­ »Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨ ­ °ikiteiru fushigi shindeiku fushigi èŠ ±Ã£â€šâ€šÃ© ¢ ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¨ ¡â€"ã‚‚ 㠁 ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ Å Ã£  ªÃ£ Ëœhana mo kaze mo arashi mo minna onaji

20 Health Care Essay Topics That Will Be A Wake-Up Call for Everyone

A Wake-Up Call for Everyone Scientific advancements and easy access to information have allowed people to actively research how to take care of their health. Every day, people turn to the web to seek out some useful information. They can easily read about healthy diet ideas and practical exercise routines that will help them live a better life. Everyone also has the ability to contribute to a community that shares information on health care topics. When you study a topic and share that research with the world, youre adding to an active dialogue on health care. This helps make it easier for everyone to discover modern ways to care for their health. If you want to choose one of the health care essay topics that would be useful for your readers, there are many interesting issues to choose among. Here are 20 possible health care topics that will appeal to both academic and casual researchers looking to find out more about ways to take care of their health. Exploring the Relationship Between Health, Nutrition and Economics How to Be Secure and Healthy While Aging Under the Affordable Care Act The Effects of Health Resource Planning on Health Care Delivery The Ergonomics of Modern Work: Protecting Your Health in the Office How Regular Physical Activity Saves on Health Care Costs School Nutrition Policies, Stress Management and Tackling Childhood Obesity Nutrition and Mindfulness: Managing Health by Listening to Your Bodys Needs Regulating Fast Food Consumption: Diet Education and Nutrition Plans Dietary Supplements and Health: Analysis of Costs, Benefits and Risks High School Athletes and Effects of Dietary Supplements on Health Nutrition and Choice: Health Plans, Self-Control and Outcomes Combating Geriatric Depression: Preventive Healthcare Strategies Links Between Nutrition, Diet and Memory: Food and Brain Function Social Epidemiology and Re-Structuring the American Healthcare System Determinants of Obesity and Preventive Strategies in Rural Communities Effects of Childhood Lead Exposure on Adult Healthcare Systems Global Strategies Addressing Maternal Mortality Rates Baby Boomers and Cognitive Health: Preventive Measures for Brain Health in an Aging Population Healthcare Providers and the Physical Effects of Bullying: How Health Clinics Address Bullying as a Health Problem Do Superfoods Work? Analyzing Their Effects on Personal Health All the research topics above can be modified to fit both small essay assignments and larger thesis papers by making them either more general or more specific. For instance, you could look at the particular health effects in your community or region, or choose to look at the global data on the topic. This extensive list of popular health care topics is meant to guide you in your topic and essay generation. If you find any of these issues interesting, you can adjust them to fit your own personal or academic research needs. If you are a student, consider arranging a meeting with your teacher or thesis adviser beforehand to make any necessary specifications on your topic of choice to fit your needs. If you dont have any sort of topic constraints, you can find out even more interesting things that will inspire you while researching the topics above.

Human Science and History - 1015 Words

â€Å"The historian’s task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.† To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge? As historians study, compiles and writes events in chronological order or arranged events in the order it came to be, people understood what came before them. Historians are the authority on it that no one ever tried to question what was written but instead we accepted it as facts and from those facts we learned and knew that as time and years go by people could and can change the future. As clear as the question implies history and human sciences are the two areas of knowledge involved. Human science was defined as the study and interpretation of the experiences,†¦show more content†¦It was not something to carry around. Now we have all the I’s from the apple store such as iphone, itouch, ipad, our development of Macbooks, and all the technologies with different brands availabl e for easier and faster usage. Those gadgets are so important to us and to our daily lives that we cannot just imagine living without one of them. Those gadgets are also convenient. Through language, historians made us realized that history would always be history. It would always be there. It is something of the past for the future. We believed in what was written thousand years ago, affecting each and everyone of us on how we go on with our lives. Though on the other hand, why could we not rewrite what was written for easier to understanding? Are we 100% sure that it is true? Without the inventions and innovations of human scientists we would not have what we have now. Our lives would be very different. It would have been at a slower pace. We would not know what lies in the other side of the globe. It was so clever of the human scientists to invent something that could lead to a change in our future. For instance, the invention of airplane. Isn’t it great that we could be i n one continent to the next inShow MoreRelatedSocial Science : A Study Of Human, History, Ideology And Mythistory, And Answers1268 Words   |  6 PagesSocial science is said to be the study of human,history,ideology and mythistory,and answers the question of how life came to be the way it is.Generations made aware of how modernity came about,what history was really about,for example the columbus story,relive them from the stress or worries about the traditional days.Social science through the years has acted as weapon and has been used to fight and influence race and racism.These two concepts,though different in definition are highly connectedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Human Mind And Science, History, And Literature1486 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology, history, and literature† to conduct their anthropology (McGee and Warms 2004:525). The work of Sapir and Whorf had made revolutionary claims about the idea of knowledge and the mechanism behind its t ransmission. Symbolic anthropology could use this as a base with which to launch assumptions about knowledge and culture; science, after all, isn’t primary or even essential in these processes. The human mind, however, was. The traditional studies of literature, psychology, and history areRead MoreThe Theory Of Knowledge Has Reflected Upon For Many Years Now1384 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular Areas of Knowing (Human Sciences, and History), have been identified as following this quote, but I disagree. The human sciences uses people as the basis for gaining knowledge, and is not only the systematic organization of facts. Likewise, History is more complex and person dependent, rather than only being a systematic organization of facts. The human sciences is a unique area of knowledge because it is one of the only areas out of the eight identified, that uses humans as the predominant wayRead MoreHumans have come to accept that History by mere definition is the exploration and study of history1000 Words   |  4 PagesHumans have come to accept that History by mere definition is the exploration and study of history whereas the Human Sciences are defined as the in depth study of social, biological and cultural aspects of human beings. History and Human Sciences seek to influence humans through language, reason, and emotion. By looking at the title, I am coming to the conclusion that historians only focus on understanding the past and the human scientist is only looking to change the future. That conclusion is reasonableRead MoreHistory Of Science And Conceptual Understanding919 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of science and conceptual understanding According to Richard K Moran, and Page K, in â€Å" Teaching for Conceptual Understanding in Science†, Studying history of science is important because it enable students understand the development of thought, and generalization would be empty without concrete examples. In addition, One important concern for shutting history of science out of the undergraduate science curriculum was an anxiety expressed about the history of science that the historyRead MoreWhat Is the Task of the Historian?966 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.† To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge?† To start off, I think it would be useful to differentiate between history as an area of knowledge with the human sciences. History is knowledge about the past. What happens in the present and what will happen in the future is very much governed by what happened in the past. Without knowledge of the past, we would be without identity. History is regarded differentlyRead MoreThe History of Nursing Science1076 Words   |  4 Pagesothers seem hardwired into our human nature, and have expressed themselves in a multitude of ways throughout human history, from mothers tending to their sick children to soldiers caring for their wounded brothers on the battlefield. But nursing science, the body of knowledge that has both arisen from and informed the nursing profession as we now know it, has a distinct history that can be traced through key periods of development and revolution. By examining this rich history, we can see not only howRead MoreEssay on Views on the Importance of Science1010 Wo rds   |  5 PagesViews on the Importance of Science Different people have different views on the importance of scientific concepts in comparison to other branches of knowledge. In order to determine if it is reasonable to believe that science is a supreme form of knowledge, firstly we must determine what knowledge is. Knowledge can be seen as the act of knowing or understanding gained through experience or study. Thus in order for something to be considered as knowledge it must be trueRead MoreEssay on Sociology and Social Sciences1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Social Sciences Complete and submit this assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (7 points) 1. Rank the seven social sciences (anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology) according to what you believe is their importance and influence on the people in a modern society. Answer: 1.Psychology (How humans think influences most, if not all of the social sciences.)   2.Sociology (This helps figure out how society thinks. If you understandRead MoreThe Fundamental Knowledge Of Knowledge1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe fundamental knowledge issue arising from this question is whether knowledge is consistent throughout time. Can we progress through applying knowledge generated decades ago? To determine whether knowledge generated from areas such as history and science can predict the future, it is necessary to know whether the knowledge acquired through these areas of knowing is consistent, irrespective of changes in time and culture, amongst other factors. Through considering this question, we are gaining insight

Introduction Hiv Aids Essay Example For Students

Introduction Hiv Aids Essay Being one of the most fatal viruses in the nation, AIDS (AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome) is now a serious public health concern in most majorU.S. cities and in countries worldwide. Since 1986 there have been impressiveadvances in understanding of the AIDS virus, its mechanisms, and its routes oftransmission. Even though researchers have put in countless hours, and millions ofdollars it has not led to a drug that can cure infection with the virus or to a vaccinethat can prevent it. With AIDS being the leading cause of death among adults,individuals are now taking more precautions with sexual intercourse, and medicalfacilities are screening blood more thoroughly. Even though HIV ( HumanImmunodeficieny Virus) can be transmitted through sharing of non sterilize needlesand syringes, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and through most bodily fluids,it is not transmitted through casual contact or by biting or blood sucking insects. Development of the AIDS EpidemicThe first case of AIDS were reported in 1982, epidemiologists at the Center ofDisease Control immediately began tracking the disease back wards in time as wellas forward. They determined that the first cases of AIDS in the United Statesprobably occurred in 1977. By early 1982, 15 states, the District of Columbia, and 2 foreign countrieshad reports of AIDS cases, however the total remained low: 158 men and 1 woman. Surprising enough more then 90 percent of the men were homosexual or bisexual. Knowing this more then 70 percent of AIDS victims are homosexual or bisexualmen, and less then 5 percent are heterosexual adults. Amazing enough byDecember of 1983 there were 3,000 cases of AIDS that had been reported in adultsfrom 42 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and the disease had beenrecognized in 20 other countries. Recognizing the Extent of InfectionThe health of the general homosexual populations in the area with thelargest number of cases of the new disease was getting looked at a lot closer byresearchers. For many years physicians knew that homosexual men who reportedlarge numbers of sexual partners had more episodes of venereal diseases and wereat higher risk of hepatitis B virus infection than the rest of the population, butconicidentally with the appearance of AIDS,. other debilitating problems began to doappear more frequently. The most common was swollen glands, often accompaniedby extreme fatigue, weight loss, fever, chronic diarrhea, decreased levels of bloodplatelets and fungal infections in the mouth. This condition was labeled ARC (AIDSRelated complex). The isolation of HIV in 1983 and 1984 and the development of techniques toproduce large quantities of the virus paved the way for a battery of tests todetermined the relationship between AIDS and ARC and the magnitude of thecarrier problem. Using several different laboratory tests, scientists looked forantibodies against the HIV in the blood of AIDS and ARC patients. They found thatalmost 100 percent of those with AIDS or ARC had the antibodies-they wereseriopostive. In contrast less then one percent of persons with no known risk factorswere seropositive. Definition of AIDSAIDS is defined as a disease, at least moderately predictive of defects in cell-meditated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminishedresistance to that disease. Such diseases include Kaposis Sarcoma, Pneumocystiscarnii pneumonia, and serious other opportunistic infections. After the discovery ofHIV and the development of HIV-antibody test, the case definition of AIDS wasupdated to reflect the role of the virus in causing AIDS, but the scope of thedefinition remained almost the same. .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .postImageUrl , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:hover , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:visited , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:active { border:0!important; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:active , .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5a66e003d24df863f681d2f9da5422a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mystical Caves Used Throughout Mythology EssayTransmissionHIV is primarily a sexually transmitted disease, it is transmitted by bothhomosexual and bisexual and heterosexual activity. The first recognized case wasamong homosexual and bisexual men. Many numbers of studies have shown thatmen who have sexual partners and those who practice receptive anal intercourseare more likely to be infected with HIV than other homosexual men. Researchersfound a strong connection between HIV infection and rectal trauma, enemas beforesex, and physical signs of disruption of the tissue lining the rectum. Homosexual women tend to have a very low incidence of venereal disease ingeneral, an AIDS is no exception. Female-to-female transmission is highlyuncommon, however it has been reported in one case and suggested in another. Inthe reported case, traumatic sex practices apparently resulted in transmission of HIVfrom a woman who had acquired the virus through IV drug abuse to her non-drug-using sexual partner. 1983 was when the first heterosexual (Male to female;

Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Example

Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability Essay Introduction to Transaction Management Name: Course: Lecturer: We will write a custom essay sample on Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multidatabase Query Processing, Introduction to Transaction Management, Distributed Concurrency Control, Distributed DBMS Reliability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Date: Introduction to Transaction Management A transaction is a sequence of operations of the database that are organized in a basic unit where databases are kept reliable and consistent. A database is said to be consistent when it has the following features; it has referential integrity, it maintains entity integrity and if it remains within the constraints set by the domain values. Moreover, a database should remain consistent before the execution of a transaction and after. During the execution of a transaction, a database should be in an inconsistent state where no other transaction should be exposed to it. Regardless of the number of transactions accessing the database, it should always remain in a consistent state[1]. The reliability of a database is determined by its capability to recover and its resiliency. A transaction is a sequence of operations involving the commands of reading and writing on a database. For instance an SQL statement is regarded as a transaction, a program that is enclosed by the commands ‘Begin-transaction’ and ‘end’ is also a transaction. A transaction can be terminated by commands of committing it or rolling it back. If a transaction is committed, it has been successfully completed and if it is rolled back, it has been aborted. The commit command makes the effect of the operations of the database permanent and the results can be viewed by all other transactions. The rollback command on the other hand has the effect of undoing the operations and restoring the database to the state it was before the transaction was executed[2]. Transactions can fail to complete for three reasons. They could be aborted by the management system, either if the system crashes or if the transaction aborts itself. When this occurs, the effects of the transaction should be undone. This helps the user to forget about the undone transaction as it has already been taken care of. However, if a transaction is completed it should be durable and its effects should last. The database management system log ensures the undoing of incomplete transactions where necessary. A database must ensure that four very important qualities of a transaction are fulfilled. These are atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. All transactions should be atomic, meaning that they are supposed to either happen or not. All transactions should run by themselves and should be consistent. By default, the database management system assumes that the transactions are consistent. Transactions should be isolated from the effects of other transactions that are executable concurrently. The effects of the transaction should be consistent once the user is notified of their success even in the event of the crashing of the system. A user is usually responsible for the consistency of their transaction. If a database is in a consistent state when the transaction is beginning, the database should remain in the same state after the transaction is over. The management system for the database does the work of enforcing the commands and other constraints that the transactions should operate on. Every transaction sees the database as consistent. The user issues commands that prompt transactions and assume that each transaction shall be executed by itself; however, the management system of the database arranges the actions to be performed concurrently. The total effect shows the user that the many transactions that they have tasked the system to perform have been executed one after the other[3]. Since transactions are seen as series of read and write commands by the management system, a list of actions is developed. The management system also specifies if the transaction is to be committed or aborted. A schedule is created by the management system for transactions. The schedule is a list of actions, whether read, commit, write or abort that are attributed to a set of transactions. The order in which they happen in the schedule is similar to how they occur in the transaction. The schedule is also seen as an execution sequence of a set of transactions. The schedule describes actions as they are seen by the management system. Transactions are of different types and can be classified according to different classifications. By applications, transactions can be regular or distributed transactions. The transactions can also be compensating or heterogeneous. A compensating transaction has the purpose of undoing the effects of previous transactions. A heterogeneous transaction on the other hand has the runs in a heterogeneous database. By duration, transactions can be classified as short-life or on-line transactions or as Batch or long-life transactions. By structure, there are nested transactions and traditional flat structured transactions[4]. There are other types of transactions, for instance, a sub-transaction is a transaction that must begin after its parent transaction and end before its parent transaction. This means that the commit or abort command of this kind of transaction depends on its parent. The sub-transactions that exist within one parent are executable in parallel. The sub transactions have a special feature of recovering from failures independently without affecting the rest of the database and other transactions. Bibliography Chorafas, Dimitris. Transaction management: managing complex transactions and sharing distributed databases. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. Gray, Jim and Andreas Reuter. Transaction processing: concepts and techniques. New York, NY: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993. Ozsu, Tamer, and Patrick Valduriez. Principles of Distributed Database Systems. New York, NY: Springer, 2011. Saake, Gunter and Kerstin Schwarz. Transactions and database dynamics. New York, NY: Springer, 2000. [1] Dimitris Chorafas, Transaction management: managing complex transactions and sharing distributed databases (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), 98.

buy custom Work-Family Life essay

buy custom Work-Family Life essay Work-home balance refers to an individuals perception of the relationship between family and work roles. Work and home balance is often conflicting and competing in nature. Women in the modern society have difficulty in rising to managerial positions and rarely become company managers due to their caregiving and domestic demands. Most men and women have to juggle work with family with the views that the central part of an employees life is work. Women mostly have to sacrifice home roles to be successful at their jobs. Anne-Marie Slaughter comments on the assumption that the workplaces are designed to separate family demands from the work ones. She argues that this approach is necessary for all workers to perform the task of being a parent and a worker. She notes that as employment organizations are becoming more demographically diverse, there also should be a review of the applicable family-work relationship to prevent adverse outcomes, especially for the working mothers. In her article, she argues that work and family is a win-lose relationship, proving that individuals have limited time to apportion between their numerous life roles (Slaughter, 2012). There is a negative perception of balancing home and work relationship. For women, having ultiple roles depletes resources, distracts, and the result is that they are overloaded. The work-family strain customarily leaves them with an option to quit the job. The workplaces still operate the same way, and there are no improvements in accommodating the family demands bestowed on women. Anne-Marie suggests that there should be ways designed to support the family and help manage workloads to avoid the role conflict and make it easier for women to have it all. In many instances, the emotions and mood from one domain influence to a great extent those of the other. If a woman has a good day and has some extra energy and emotions to allocate to the family, she will reap benefits from both domains. An ideal family will mean positive emotions at workplaces. Beside working women who have children, concerns connected with work-home balance affect other employees as well. Most women who prosper and attain top posts find themselves sacrificing a family to be in a position to concentrate on one end. Annie claims, Every male Supreme Court justice has a family. Two of the three female justices are single with no children. (Slaughter, 2012). The study shows how difficult it has become for women to maintain high positions at workplaces and have successful families compared to their male counterparts. Individuals holding well-paid positions at advanced managerial levels in most cases experience greater work conflict and higher imbalance in work-family life due to overwork. Mostly, there are too many tasks competing for an individuals energy and time, which results in strain and overload. On the other hand, individuals at the lower end of the economic scale experience conflict due to lack of resources to get quality childcare and flexibility of work. Therefore, employees at both ends of the economy experience work-family conflict, although their reasons for it are different (Pitt-Catsouphes, Kossek, Sweet, 2006). Given womens greater caregiving responsibilities, work-family conflict seems to affect their satisfaction at a higher degree compared to men. Managers should hence design appropriate workplaces to support this balance. For this to happen, women will have to express their opinions on this issue for everybody to hear them if they want to have it all. According to a viewpoint that becomes more and more popular, women can achieve balance by only having control over their work and being able to properly utilize their time and energy. If a woman wants to achieve positive results in both career and family, she must avoid overload, and there should not be many competing roles. Buy custom Work-Family Life essay

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Business Ethics - Essay Example So let’s get done with it and legalize it! The violence that resulted in the prohibition of drugs is not new. It is usually the case when something is banned. The same was the case when alcohol was still prohibited. The more you ban it, the more people will want it! When alcohol was legalized, violence associated with alcohol consumption become virtually non-existent. Violence becomes a natural consequence of a prohibitive policy because it creates black markets where the law cannot supervise where shady characters make money from it. Instead of spending too much money stopping it which government cannot do, government can instead tax it! Legalizing drugs actually makes sense. Cato Institute reported in its study in April this year that policies that prohibit the use of drugs is usually â€Å"based on speculation and fear mongering rather than empirical evidence on the effects of more lenient drug policies† (Szalavitz). The fear that legalizing illicit drugs will only exacerbate the drug problem did not actually happen such as in the case of Portugal and it is just all in the mind. Portugal in fact â€Å"had the lowest rate of lifetime drug use in people over 15 in the E.U† (Slavis). So let’s legalize drugs and benefit from it. Legalize drugs if you want a country of drug addicts. Legalize it and this country will be reduced to drug dependents who cannot even think straight. It creates dependency and addiction that is not only unhealthy but also kills. Substances such as shabu or Methamphetamine literally â€Å"fries† the mind that it deteriorates cognitive thinking. Other drugs that hav also the same destructive effect on the mind and body that they are too long to mention. The trouble with drugs is that it is not only unhealthy to the body, but to the society as well. Due to their addiction and unhealthy state of mind and body, drug dependents no longer are productive or have minimal

Goal Setting - Point of View Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Goal Setting - Point of View - Coursework Example For instance, a clear goal should take into consideration the parts of your day to day work that make you happy or frustrated. This helps to deal with different scenarios that may emerge while you carry out your duties. This also helps you to assess your interactions with your boss so as to be able to take corrective measures that can improve the chances of attaining the desired goals. The other important idea that should characterize goal setting for 2015 is that a specific goal should be measurable. This helps the user to be in a position to establish if the desired goal is attainable. This helps you to know that you are on track. If not, then necessary adjustments should be put in place to make sure that the desired goal is achieved. A well defined goal should be realistic, measurable and attainable. The avenue to be followed towards the attainment of the goal should also be clearly outlined so as to make it easy to attain the desired

Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Accounting Essay

Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Accounting Essay The purpose of this report is to present the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, starting from the history of self-regulation and its regulatory bodies, presenting the governance scandals which triggered the Acts creation, emphasizing the requirements of Section 404 and concluding on recent crises. The history of self-regulation in the United States is structured in two parts: (1) Early Standards, including the Acts of 1933 and 1934, GAAS and GAAP, with short focus on peer review, and After seventy years of self-regulation many accounting frauds, governance scandals and bankruptcies shacked the U.S. market. Due to their relevance and impact on regulatory standards the cases of Enron and WorldCom were chosen to be discussed. After enacting the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the U.S. Congress started a new era, by choosing to enforce a new independent body (PCAOB) to monitor the auditing companies. In relation with SOX the followings were considered: (1) SOXs summary, with its objectives and main sections, (2) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), with its mission and enforced authority. Next, the analysis focused on the section 404 of SOX 2002 because is the provision which caused the most violent discussions from executives part. Due to the section impact on companies financial statements the report includes a short presentation of its rules with a larger analysis of implementation costs and benefits. Still, even if the SOX and the SEC regulated the market in order to protect the investors and to avoid future corporate frauds, the financial crisis revealed new scandals, out of which in this report are mentioned: (1) Bernard Madoffs Ponzi scheme, and (2) Bank of America Corporations lack of disclosure related to Merrill Lynch merger. Taking into consideration these scandals, changes of regulations must be considered for the future and, maybe, reconsiderations of auditors role as management strategic advisors. HISTORY OF SELF REGULATION IN USA I.1. Early Standards In the United States, at the beginning of the 20th century, the regulations for accounting and auditing were the same as United Kingdom regulations due to the fact that the major American corporations were branches of Britain companies (Benston G., et al., 2006). Still, the market experienced a low level of regulation (or almost absent), the succeeding events (stock market crash in 1929 and depression from 1930) indicating a strong need for regulating and disclosing policies to be established by the federal government. Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The historical foundation for regulations of financial disclosure by corporations is considered to be the moment when, immediately after the market crash from 1929, the U.S. Congress enacted two major laws, the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. For the first time in history, those two rules contained pragmatic provisions regarding corporate investors and financial disclosure: Companies publicly offering securities for investment dollars must tell the public the truth about their businesses, the securities they are selling, and the risks involved in investing. People who sell and trade securities brokers, dealers, and exchanges must treat investors fairly and honestly, putting investors interests first.  [1]   GAAS. Starting with 1939, the first generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) were drafted and adopted by the American Institute of Accountants (currently AICPA), through its Auditing Standard Executive Committee (AudSEC) (currently Auditing Standards Board). Because GAAS refers to risks assessment and ways to mitigate them, three areas of provisions were defined (Benston G., et al., 2006): (1) general standards for determining the auditors personal traits; (2) fieldwork standards for setting the audit analysis, evaluation of internal controls and audit evidences; (3) reporting standards for assessing the disclosures of financial statements and the audit opinions, respectively the application of GAAS to GAAP. GAAP. Starting with 1936-1938, the SEC entrusted the Committee on Accounting Procedure (part of AICPA) to issue a private-sector accounting standards in order to set-up an accounting system requested by the market needs. The first generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) were developed in its initial form of Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB). Peer Review. In the early 1960s, the major consulting accounting companies started to form peer reviews for a better quality of accounting, auditing and attestation services performed by AICPA members  [2]  . This means that every CPA firm must be reviewed by another CPA firm. The latest company must independent from the reviewed company and must have qualified experience. The supervision of the peer review activities is assured by the Public Oversight Board (POB), an independent private sector body  [3]  , which, even if was created by SECPS members, is independent from the profession and the regulatory process. I.2. Regulatory Bodies Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The US Congress, through Securities Exchange Act of 1934, established SEC as an independent agency, having as main duty to define technical, trade, accounting, and other terms used in securities market, in the United States. The Commission is responsible for (1) interpreting federal securities laws; (2) issuing new rules and revising existing rules; (3) supervising the examination of securities players (brokers, investments advisers, other agencies); (4) monitoring private regulatory organizations in the securities area; and (5) complying U.S. securities rules with other American and foreign authorities  [4]  . Currently, the SEC is administrating the most important laws that standardize the securities industry, laws which are: (1) Securities Act of 1933, (2) Securities Exchange Act of 1934, (3) Trust Indenture Act of 1939, (4) Investment Company Act of 1940, (5) Investment Advisers Act of 1940, (6) Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The authoritative power of SEC implies laws enforcement in cases of fraud, insider trading, and any other infringements done by the individuals and companies on the securities area. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). If all preceding associations (like the American Association of Public Accountants, the Institute of Public Accountants, the American Institute of Accountants) are taken into consideration, than it can be stated that AICPA dates from 1887  [5]  . Associating all the certified public accountants (CPAs) in the U.S., the AICPA is the main non-government authoritative body in developing auditing standards (including technical rules and ethical codes) and other regulating services for CPAs. Furthermore, it has the authority to monitor and to enforce the law in cases of non-compliance with the standards. Auditing Standards Board (ASB). Within AICPA, the ASB is assigned to be the committee in charge to actually issue the standards and the regulations for CPAs, for non-public company audits, next to the necessary guidelines and the interpretations of the laws. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Over time, the mission to regulate the private sector by clear defined financial accounting standards passed from AICPAs Committee on Accounting Procedure to the Accounting Principles Board. By the end of 1960s the market development triggered an increasing demand for accounting standards updated in the same rhythm as the economical growth. As a result, since 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board has been created as a private, non-profit institution, founded with the purpose to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information.  [6]   CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: FAMOUS SCANDALS In 2002, Ribstein L. argues in the Journal of Corporation Law that the traditional approach of corporate governance in large corporation must be established by government regulation. This approach is based on assumption that the shareholders, in order to protect their ownership goals, lack of tools to control the management actions. On the other hand, acknowledging the shareholders weakness, the managers are predisposed to take advantage of the situation by acting on their own personal interests and power. Companies financial statements are the mean through which the managers can show their contribution to the corporate overall growth. If in this judgment is included the fact that corporate management usually has had compensation formulae strongly related with companies financial performance (such as options on companys shares), the management tendency to manipulate companies financial statements becomes obvious, or, in other words, the management is highly interested to manage earnings (Kaplan R., 2004). After seventy years of corporate regulation, in 2001 and 2002 series of management frauds rocked the investors trust in the market. Scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, and Waste Management opened a new era of financial manipulation. What is essential to be mentioned is the fact that all these frauds were possible despite all the levels of supervision in place, such as executive directors, external auditors, accounting firms, debt rating agencies, or securities market analysts (Ribstein L., 2002). The most resonant scandal was Enron, which, after being one of the worlds biggest power dealers, revealed in October 2001 losses higher than $70 billion in equity value. WorldCom, which played an important role on telecommunication market, disclosed in March 2002 that its revenues are overstated by capitalizing expenses, losing $180 billion in shareholder equity. Both cases will be discussed in the following section, emphasizing on fraudulent operations and corporations weaknesses. II.1. Enron Short summary: Disclosure date October 2001 Charges False increased profits, hidden liabilities totaling over $1 billion by using off-the-books transactions. Manipulation of the Californian energy market during the electricity crisis, recording total profits of $2.7 billion from trading electricity and gas in western markets (Markham J., 2006). Extorting and gaming the power prices, as well as an overcharge of $175 million for electricity generated by Enron wind farms (Markham J., 2006). Securities fraud, wire fraud, money laundering, insider trading, and filing false income tax returns (for Enrons executives). Auditing firm Arthur Anderson With losses higher than $70 billion in equity value (Bryce R., 2002), Enron scandal is one of the biggest political scandals in American history. In 1985, Enron started its business as an important trader on U.S. energy market, developing its operations within: transactions with natural gas, constructions of power facilities and pipelines, telecommunications services, buying/selling commodities. Its rapid growth offered to the public media a sensation of unstoppable revenues and solid financial stability. Before the public disclosure from 2001, the revenues and the incomes reported by Enron were impressive (Markham J., 2006): in 1998 $31 billion in revenue and $703 million in net income after expenses; in 1999 $40 billion in revenue and $893 million in net income after expenses; in 2000 $100 billion in revenue and $979 million in net income after expenses. In fact, the revenues were not real, the financial image presented to the shareholders being an illusion. In order to hide its losses Enron stretched the limitations of accounting standards and took advantage of all the regulatory lacks. Due to its business specificity, the accounting recording was challenging. First aspect regarded the long-term contracts for which the current accounting rules obliged the company to forecast the future revenues. In this case Enrons income recognition was made at present (or fair) value, using mark-to-market accounting, regardless the prospective economic conditions. The second aspect was linked with Enrons reliance on structured financial transactions and, implicitly, on special purpose entities (SPEs). In this area the accounting standards were questionable, being debated by practitioners because of the difference which could be created between real economic situation and companies financial indicators. Behind this glowing image, Enron built a network of derivatives trading and transactions with SPEs, which generated substantial revenues not only for the company itself, but also for the companys directors involved in the SPEs partnerships. The report of investigation of the Enron Special Investigative Committee (Powers W., et al., 2002) mentioned the amounts by which Enrons employees were illicitly enriched: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fastow (i.e. Enrons CFO) by at least $30 million, Kopper (i.e. Enrons finance executive) by at least $10 millionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In October 2001 Enron had to recognize expenses of $1.01 billion after tax and two months later, Enron filed for bankruptcy. Enrons failure is a clear example of corporate governance malfunction. Managers were compensated with stock options based on the companys short-term performance with no other restrictions, compensation program that incentivized managers to increase the short-term performance regardless the long-term consequences. Next to Enrons management, part of the blame is assigned to external auditors (Arthur Andersen) and to parties responsible for the companys internal governance (see appendix 1 for a graphic representation of the links between Enrons managers and investors). Analyzing the implications of accounting rules over the Enrons scandal one statement must be made. U.S. GAAP are very extensive and, even more, rigid in its provisions, inspiring financial professionals to find creative accounting solutions to avoid the rules. II.2. WorldCom Short summary: Disclosure date March 2002 Charges Use of undisclosed and improper accounting that materially overstated its income before income taxes and minority interests by approximately $3.055 billion in 2001 and $797 million during the first quarter of 2002  [7]   WorldComs transfer of its costs to its capital accounts violated the established standards of generally accepted accounting principles  [8]  resulting in $3.8 billion fraud. WorldCom violated the anti-fraud and reporting provisions of the federal securities laws  [9]   WorldComs CEO Bernard Ebbers received from the company off-the-books loans of $408 million. Auditing firm Arthur Anderson In 1995 LDDC (Long Distance Discount Company) became WorldCom, one of the biggest telecommunication company on the U.S. market. Its CEO, Bernie Embers, joined the company in its early starts, in 1985. During his administration, the company experienced a period of high growth, with revenues reaching billions of dollars. In 1996, after the acquisition of MFS Communication Inc., WorldCom became the fourth biggest telecommunication company (Markham J., 2006), looking forward to using the opportunities offered by the new breakthrough innovations, such as fiber-optics and Internet. In October 1997 WorldCom announced the merger with MCI Communications for $30 billion. The company continued to grow, reporting earnings of $16 billion (Markham J., 2006) between 1996 and 2000, even if the SEC obstructed the company from considering deductible large amounts spend in research and development. In the early 2000, the entire telecommunication industry started to slow down, and, also, the stock prices were declining. The same happened in WorldComs case. By the middle of 2000, the stock price was almost half its 1999 price. Even so, WorldCom announced surprising profits (Markham J., 2006): $1.4 billion for 2001 and $130 million for the first quarter of 2002 (when in fact the company recorded losses). In March 2002, after an internal audit engagement, WorldCom announced the restatement of its financials figures due to inappropriate accounting recordings of the revenues between beginning of 2001 and first quarter of 2002, revenues which were not in compliance with GGAP provisions. In June 2002, the SEC charges WorldCom for $3.8 billion fraud  [10]  . As it was revealed by the SEC investigation, WorldCom used an accounting artifice to capitalize its line costs (e.g. fees paid by WorldCom to third party services providers) and, in this way, to keep companys earnings at expected levels. WorldCom filed for bankruptcy in July 2002, wiping out $180 billion in shareholder equity (Markham J., 2006). Ebbers was dismissed from the position of WorldComs CEO in April 2002  [11]  after admitting that he borrowed money from WorldCom in its attempt to cover his losses from buying WorldCom shares  [12]  . In 2005 Ebbers was sentenced to 25 years in jail. As presented by SECs WorldCom corporate monitor, Richard Breeden, in his report on the companys measures to restore its governance, WorldCom seemed to meet most of the governance standards of its time (Breeden R., 2003). The companys configuration included all the necessary structures required for corporate governance (such as audit committee, compensation committee etc.), with almost 80% of the directors fulfilling the independence requirements. But, in fact, most of these independents were very strong linked to Ebbers, through their incomes. So, corporate governance is not only accomplishing a checklist with requirements, but being deeply concerned about the independence impediments. In WorldComs case the management board failed to assess the companys risks and to draw corrective risk procedures. In Enrons case, the board allowed the CFO to participate in financial partnerships (e.g. SPEs), searching for his personal gain. In both cases, Enron and WorldCom, the CFOs failed to supply accurate financial data. Their fraud involvement was a real obstacle for which the problems were discovered too late. Hard interpretations of GAAPs provisions regarding net income and future earnings as well as unrealistic cash flow statements were present also in both companies. Furthermore, lacking of an appropriate internal control system, the adjustments in the companies financial reports were easy to be made by the high level employees. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 The scandals of accounting fraud, corporate misbehaviors, non-compliance with business ethics, and bankruptcies occurred in high-level companies like Enron and WorldCom revealed the markets strong need for deeper reforms in corporate regulations. In July 2002, the U.S. Congress ratified the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (known also as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investors Protection Act of 2002) in response to the corporate crisis. One of the most important legislative action since the Acts of 1933 and 1934, Sarbanes-Oxley has as objectives to rebuild the investors trust in the market and to enhance the transparency and morality of public companies, avoiding future similar allegations. Through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are addressed issues like managements legal liability, increased independence rules for internal governance agents, mandatory internal control audits, and increased managements responsibility for financial reporting. Furthermore, Sarbanes-Oxley increases the SECs power to determine that an individual is unfit to serve as an officer or director of a publicly-traded company, even in the absence of a judicial finding of a violation of the federal securities laws (Fisch J., 2004). Source: Anand S., 2007, Essentials of Sarbanes-Oxley, John Wiley Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-0-470-05668-4, page 23. Emphasizing on the importance of business codes of ethics, in 2003, Harvard Law Review explained the Acts provisions related to self-policing as a consequence of the general perception that these series of scandals and bankruptcies are not just a failure of the regulations, but a failure of management behavior. It was not enough anymore to just comply on formal managerial structure and independence requirements. Both, Enron and WorldCom had management boards that complied with independence standards, but were not able to work efficiently due to conflict of interests and strong relationships with CEOs. Furthermore, management boards must be deeply involved in companies business and must understand the risks, rather than simply remain independent (Fisch J., 2004). Enrons and WorldComs boards were far away from taking real actions against CEOs/CFOs practices or from reacting in real-time to companies difficulties. Considering the patterns of fraud cases and the fact that CEOs and CFOs acted as primary deceivers, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act states, as main provision, the necessity to increase top-managements responsibilities for the consistency of companies financial statements. IV.1. SOXs summary The Act requirements must be perceived by the companies as a starting point in building operational processes, with an enhanced internal control system through entire business. Complying with SOX is not a one-time project, but a continuous improvement process, with executives going beyond compliance and focusing on the quality of overall business operations (KPMG, 2004). Source: KPMG, 2004, Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404: An Overview of the PCAOBs Requirements, KPMG International Despite the fact that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is structured in eleven different sections, the law itself must be understood as an overall, compact regulation, and companies must seek for complete compliance. Still, the Acts objectives are more obvious in certain sections, while other sections are important through their compliant difficulties (Anand S., 2007). The summary of the Acts titles is presented in appendix 2. Still, from the compliance point of view and relevance for the two fraud cases previously presented, the most important sections of the Act  [13]  are: Section 302 regarding the corporate responsibility for financial reports; In order to avoid deceiving financial statements Section 302 includes provisions related to internal controls and the management responsibility to evaluate the efficiency of these controls and to disclose any deficiency which might have a negative impact over the financial indicators. Section 401 for Disclosures in Periodic Reports; The financial statements must contain accurate information and must be issued to the public investors with a clear display in order to avoid any misrepresentation or incorrect statement. Also, the transactions, especially the liabilities, from off-balance sheet must be transparent and presented in the reporting file. Section 404 is related with the management mandatory evaluation and certification of companies internal control systems; This section raised many discussions, being one of the most controversial provisions of the Act. The main reason for these discussions was the character of this section which implies the highest amount of resources and efforts to be spend in order to obtain SOX compliance. As stated by Section 404, in annual financial statements, executive directors must declare their acknowledgement of the responsibility for establishing, implementing and maintaining the internal control system. The main purpose of this statement is to present the investors the internal controls structure and to assure them about its efficiency. Section 409 stating the necessity of real-time disclosures when important changes are made in companies financial indicators during the periods between quarterly reports. Without this section the investors would have to base their decisions on obsolete statements. Unlike Section 404, this section didnt implied heavy resource allocation. IV.2. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act created the PCAOB, a private-sector, nonprofit corporation, having as mission to oversee the auditors of public companies in order to  protect investors and the public interest by promoting informative, fair, and independent audit reports  [14]   By creating the PCAOB, the self-regulating model of accounting industry was no longer valid, the responsibility and authority of creating standards and enforcing audits for public companies being transferred from the profession side (AICPA) to an independent party (PCAOB). Through its provisions, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act obliged, for the first time in regulating history, the auditors of public companies to be overseen by external and independent parties. The SEC maintained its authoritative power over the PCAOB, by naming the governing board and by amending the organizations bylaws, standards and budgets  [15]  . SECTION 404. MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROLS V.1. Section 404 Rules As stated by the SOX Section 404, there are a set of rules for management to follow in assessing the internal controls structure within the company. The broad definition of the term internal control refers to all the areas within an organizations business, but inside SOXs terminology, the internal control term is used strictly for defining the internal control over financial reporting. First of all, the management is responsible for creating the internal controls structure, in accordance with his business processes. An important aspect must be clarified here. Neither internal auditors, nor external auditors are in charge with developing the internal control keys. The companys CEO and the top-management team must take this responsibility and act in accordance as a whole. Furthermore, it is not enough just to create the system, but to periodically update it in order to keep up with the business changing rhythm. The assessment of internal controls must be made with a recognized framework. In the U.S. most companies uses COSO framework (the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission framework), or COBIT framework (the Control Objectives for Information and related Technology framework). (We will not discuss these frameworks in this report.) The internal controls assessment must be performed annually, at the year-end. The external audit company must not reassess the internal control system, but perform an audit in relation with the managements appraisal. In other words, the external audit must not redo the entire internal control structure assessment, but only to rely on the managements performance regarding the internal control appraisal. Even so, senior management must obtain the full confidence that its assessment presents a true landscape of the internal control system, as of the year-end, with comfortable assurance that any material misstatement can be avoided or identified (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2008). V.2. Consequences of Implementing Section 404 Costs of implementing SOX 404. Generally speaking, the costs derived from internal controls implementation and testing can be easily identified as payments for audit and compliance employees, time spent by operational employees and external audit fees. Still, in the first year of compliance, overall efforts were overwhelming due to work amount needed to be done, work which included analyzing documentation, verifying accounts balances, monitoring and evaluating controls keys performance and efficiency, establishing reporting structure. One important reason for which compliance process was so complex was the fact that a major part of the control keys were done manually, with very much time-consuming, and only a small part of control keys were IT-based. Next to these costs, Langevoort D. (2006) mentions the opportunity costs and the distractions, referring to the fact that some audit tests require direct observation of operations (e.g. cash processing) and explanations from in-charge personnel or manager. He is going even further by stating that direct control can create discomfort to employees which will impact the sense of trust and decrease the employees loyalty. As mentioned before, the compliance with Section 404 turned out to be the most expensive part of the entire Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In August 2004, the Financial Executives Institute revealed a study of 224 companies which indicated costs up to $3 million for the biggest companies (Rittenberg L., Miller P., 2005). Even more, in an article from BusinessWeek, William Zollars, chairman and CEO of Yellow Roadway, the U.S. largest trucking firm, explained that his company paid about $9 million to accountants for their work, amount which represented 3% of annual profits for 2004  [16]  . After first year of SOX implementation, an analysis carried out by the PCAOB concluded that the costs for compliance were high because, in many cases, too many audit tests were performed and documented by auditors, companies spending too much time on internal controls related to financial reporting processes (OBrien P., 2006). Still, as presented in the left hand picture, in January 2005, according to a survey developed by the Institute of Internal Auditors, 72% of respondents considered that the costs are higher than the benefits for SOX 404 first year of implementation. After six years of SOX compliance, in August 2008, Dodwell W. argues, in an article in the CPA Journal, that initial implementation expenses made by companies are paying off. Next to the costs presented above, the cost-benefit analysis should also consider: concen

Painting a Portrait of Death Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Painting a Portrait of Death† Death is inevitable to all forms of life. In giving birth to a typical family, Flannery O’Connor immediately sets the tone for their deaths, in the story, A Good Man is Hard To Find. O'Connor’s play on words, symbolism and foreshadowing slowly paves the way for the family’s death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O'Connor begins to paint the image of death with her presentation of the grandmother. As the family prepares for their adventure the grandmother carefully selects her attire. â€Å"A navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet† (O'Connor 267). The imagery of the grandmother’s impeccable attire foreshadows her position at the end of the story. When a person dies it is common that they are adorn in their best outfit. The grandmother has symbolically prepared herself for her eternal rest in a coffin as she is dressed in her Sunday best. O'Connor continues to incorporate the theme of death into the story, as she provides the readers with the reason for the grandmother’s ensemble, â€Å"in cares of an accident, anyone see ing her dead on the highway would know at once she was a lady† (O'Connor 267). Symbolically the grandmother is walking down the path of death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the family travels closer to...

Formal Essay in Human Relationships and Life Transitions Being an Adult Essay

Throughout this essay, I will be discussing the transition of adolescence. This transition is a stage of development between childhood and adulthood, from about 12 to 20 years of age. This transition from childhood to adulthood is smooth for some but rough for others(Caspi, 2000). This essay will discuss predictable and non-predictable elements of the transition. Health in adolescence issues this involves drugs & alcohol abuse and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are classified as unpredictable elements. Physical Development (body growth and physical changes during adolescence) or Puberty and Cognitive Development are classified as a predictable element during the transition. It will also explore the impact on relationships and concepts of self for persons undertaking the transition. Furthermore, it will deliberate the contributions of contemporary and seminal authors to describe the differences between the two past and presents authors/researcher’s theories in understanding of the adolescence life transitions. Another factor that will be discussed is the concept of self during the transition, and then finally it will comprehensively explain the importance for nurses to understand the adolescence transition. A.The importance of predictable and unpredictable elements in Adolescence transitions will assist in identifying the significant changes in every life event transition. Moreover, it will also benefit in supporting adolescent to meet challenging changes throughout the transition. The first predictable element is puberty the biological transition of adolescence, the most noticeable sign of being an adolescent. Theoretically, puberty refers as a collective term to refer to all the physical changes that occur in the growing girl or boy as the individual passes from childhood into adulthood(Habermas & Bluck, 2000). In boys a major change is the increased production of testosterone, a male sex hormone, while girls experience increased production of the female hormone oestrogen(Dedovic, Wadiwalla, Engert, & Pruessner, 2009). In boys a major change is the increased production of testosterone, a male sex hormone, while girls experience increased production of the female hormone oestrogen (Carpentier & Fortenberry, 2010). Internally, through the development of main sexual characteristics, adolescents become capable of sexual reproduction. Externally, as secondary sexual characteristics appear, girls and boys begin to look like mature women and men. In boys primary and secondary sexual characteristics usually emerge in a predictable order, with the rapid growth of the testes and scrotum, accompanied by the appearance of pubic hair. In later years, it will begin the growth of facial and body hair, and a gradual lowering of the voice. Around mid-adolescence internal changes begin making a boy capable of producing and ejaculating sperm. In girls, sexual characteristics develop in a less regular sequence. Usually, the first sign of puberty is a slight elevation of the breasts, but sometimes this is preceded by the appearance of pubic hair. In teenage girls, internal sexual changes include maturation of the uterus, vagina, and other parts of the reproductive system. Menarche(Cochrane, 1993). Regular ovulation and the ability to carry a baby to full term usually follow menarche by several years. The second predictable element is Cognitive Development transition a second element of the passage through adolescence is a cognitive transition(Champion & Collins, 2010). Compared to children, adolescents think in ways that are more advanced, more efficient, and generally more complex. Adolescence individuals become better able than children to think about what is possible, instead of limiting their thought to what is real. Whereas children’s thinking is oriented to the here and now—that is, to things and events that they can observe directly, adolescents are able to consider what they observe against a backdrop of what is possible—they can think hypothetically. Second, during the passage into adolescence, individuals become better able to think about abstract ideas. This is clearly seen in the adolescent’s increased facility and interest in thinking about interpersonal relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality—topics that involve such abstract concepts as friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty. Third, during adolescence individuals begins thinking more often about the process of thinking itself, or metacognition. As a result, adolescents may display increased introspection and self-consciousness. Although improvements in metacognitive abilities provide important intellectual advantages, one potentially negative by product of these advances is the tendency for adolescents to develop a sort of egocentrism, or intense preoccupation with the self. Acute adolescent egocentrism sometimes leads teenagers to believe that others are constantly watching and evaluating them, much as an audience glues its attention to an actor on a stage. Whereas children tend to think about things one aspect at a time, adolescents can see things through more complicated lenses. Adolescents describe themselves and others in more differentiated and complicated terms and find it easier to look at problems from multiple perspectives. The unpredictable elements are health related issues in adolescence are alcohol and other drug use. Experimentation with psychoactive substance is widespread during adolescence. Psychoactive substances are naturally occurring or artificial materials that act on the nervous system, altering perceptions, moods and behaviour. They range from naturally occurring substances, such as alcohol, which is produced from the fermentation of plant sugars by yeast, to designer drugs such as ecstasy. Most teenager experiment with different substances, constituting substance use and in some individual’s experimentation escalates into habitual or repeated usage known as substance abuse. They also engaged in â€Å"binge drinking† which arising in recent years. Binge drinking is defined as the consecutive ingestion of five or more standard drinks in less than two hours. Other factors of unpredictable health issues is sexually transmitted infections, adolescent sexual behaviour may impose a significant health risk to teenagers through a range of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sexually transmitted infections are bacterial and viral infections that enter the body via the mucous membranes of the mouth and the sex organs following physical contact. Sexually transmitted infection includes syphilis, gonorrhoea, genital lice, scabies, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. The reason for the high rates of STIs in adolescents is that this age group is more prone to sexual experimentation and risky sexual behaviours than other age groups. Risky sexual behaviour includes unprotected sexual activity without using barriers such as condoms, sexual activity involving multiple partners and sexual activity involving partners whose sexual is unknown. B. The impact on relationships and concepts of self for persons undertaking the transition is established by a personal identity a key task of adolescence is successful resolution of Erikson’s psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion. Identify formation involves selectively integrating some aspects of earlier childhood identity and discarding others. Successful resolution of the identity crisis of adolescence depends on the opportunities to experiment with different social roles and activities. Individual differences identify achievement are due to culture, gender roles , peer influences, parenting styles and life circumstances experienced by adolescents, which may increase or decrease opportunities for exploration. Self-concept is based on more abstract beliefs and values than the concrete and comparative ideas of self during childhood. Increased of perspective-taking ability may reveal ‘true’ and ‘false’ selves in relation to interactions with different people, but this can reflect positive experimentation with different roles that contribute to self-concept. Self-esteem decreases significantly between child self-concept and mid- adolescence, and more dramatically for girls than for boy s. The sex differences is probably anchored to sex-role differences, greater body image dissatisfaction in girls than in boys, and the differential boost to self-worth that romantic relationships bring to adolescent boys and girls. Parent –child relationships become less asymmetrical term s of the balance of power during adolescence compared with childhood, as a result of adolescent’s push for autonomy. There are wide individual differences in the degree of autonomy achieved by adolescents, depending on parenting styles and cultural and gender based norms and attitude. During adolesce, close same-sex cliques and larger, looser amalgamations of several cliques called crow. Cliques and crowds provide the backdrop for new cross-sex interaction, including romantic relationships. Peer group conformity within cliques seeks out different kinds of advice and support from both parents and peers, Nonetheless, for minority ineffective parenting and influenced with a wrong crowd will experience a criminal career, exacerbate the pre-existing interpersonal difficulties that predispose adolescent to violence and being a gang members in the society. Bullying is also common in the society especially teens in primary and high school, it can affect the psychosocial development of a person. Positive peer relationships include same-sex friendships that are high in intimacy and mutual support are both essential in bridging to a successful romantic relationships which may also begin during adolescence. During adolescence, most individuals experience their first sexual intercourse. The age when this occurs is becoming earlier, depending on gender, cultural constraints and peer influences. Sexual minority status –lesbians, gay or bisexual may pose additional challenges to identify formation and sexual maturation during adolescence. C.The contribution of past and present authors and researcher’s in understanding towards the adolescent life transitions has vast changes in time. According to Kohlberg’s theory (Benenson, Tennyson, & Wrangham, 2011) extended Piaget’s work on moral development during the 1960’s uses male protagonist only as an examples of his theories which contradicts Carol Gilligan’s author of her popular book , â€Å"In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development† (1982), suggested that Kohlberg’s theories were biased against women, as only males were used in his studies. By listening to women’s experiences, Gilligan offered that a morality of care can serve in the place of the morality of justice and rights espoused by Kohlberg. In her view, the morality of caring and responsibility is premised in nonviolence, while the morality of justice and rights is based on equality. (Gilligan, 1982). CONCLUSION As we discussed the main points of being adolescence it embodies the importance, relevance and impact of a particular life event transition. Adolescence is a distinct stage that marks the transition between childhood and adulthood. Adolescents are capable of abstract reasoning. Although you may still include the family in education, adolescents themselves are a major focus of teaching since they have considerable independence and are, consequently, in more control of the degree to which recommendations will be carried out. Adolescents have many important developmental tasks to achieve. They are in the process of forming their own identity, separating themselves from parents, and adapting to rapidly changing bodies. Bodily changes at puberty may cause a strong interest in bodily functions and appearance. Sexual adjustment and a strong desire to express sexual urges become important. Adolescents may have difficulty imagining that they can become sick or injured. This may contribute to accidents due to risk taking or poor compliance in following medical recommendations. Because adolescents have a strong natural preoccupation with appearance and have a high need for peer support and acceptance, health recommendations that they view as interfering with their concept of themselves as independent beings may be less likely to be followed. Therefore, as sexual adjustment and strong sexual urges characterize this age, the nurse may do significant teaching about sex education and contraception. In addition to teaching adolescents about why and how their bodies are changing, the nurse is also in a good position to dispel misconceptions young patients may have about sexual development or sexual behaviour. Teaching adolescents about sexuality requires a special sensitivity and understanding. Respect for the patient’s modesty, privacy, and opinions are critical to establishing an atmosphere of openness and trust. In addition to sex education, other important patient teaching areas are alcohol and drug abuse and general health measures, such as the importance of good nutrition and exercise as the basis for life-long health. Regardless of the topic, health education for adolescents is more effective when the nurse establishes trust by respecting the adolescent’s needs, shows empathetic understanding, and answers questions honestly. Patient teaching for adolescents should take the form of guidance rather than lecturing. Nurses who gain credibility with an adolescent patient establish themselves as the teen-ager’s advocate rather than representatives of the parents. The nurse may increase health teaching effectiveness by including the family. The nurse can give guidance and support to family members that can help them understand and respect adolescent behaviour. Parents should be encouraged to set realistic limits for adolescents while still allowing them to become increasingly responsible for their own health care management.

The Theory Of Human Resource Management - 2171 Words

In the age of Globalization, the Human Resources Professional must remain relevant by adopting the commitment to life-long learning to in order to keep the organization vehement. Throughout known history, human resource professionals have played a key role at almost every level. In the ancient world, much like today, military commanders needed to know who in their ranks where capable of accomplishing what tasks. Soldiers fought on the frontlines, clerks maintained records of victories, and everyone collected supplies along the way. As conquerors took new lands, their armies grew and needed administrative support. The conqueror needed the ability to keep track of his strength, enlist new soldiers, and hire new commanders (History of Human Resources Management, 2016). Enter the Human Resources Professional who managed pay and tracked the number of soldiers available for a campaign. Without these two critical tasks, commanders would face mutiny and ultimately defeat on the battl efield. Some of the earliest challenges to the HR professionals’ relevancy dates back to the period of early Islamic expansionism. Administrative papyri documents dating as far back as the 7th century AD were found along the current north eastern Egyptian border (Legendre, 2015). This is also one of the earliest recorded challenges to the HR professional as all of these administrative documents were transcribed in three languages. Coptic was the most common language of the region and was usedShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Resource Management2090 Words   |  9 Pagespractitioner Firstly, I would like to define the concept of Human Resource Management. â€Å"This term is not easy to define because it is commonly used in two different ways. 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